College of California, Berkeley, biologists and engineers are attempting to treatment that scenario. Primarily based on research of the biomechanics of squirrel leaps and landings, they’ve designed a hopping robotic that may stick a touchdown on a slender perch.

The feat, to be reported within the March 19 challenge of the journal Science Robotics, is an enormous step within the design of extra agile robots, ones that may leap among the many trusses and girders of buildings below building or robots that may monitor the setting in tangled forests or tree canopies.

“The robots we now have now are OK, however how do you are taking it to the following stage? How do you get robots to navigate a difficult setting in a catastrophe the place you might have pipes and beams and wires? Squirrels may try this, no drawback. Robots cannot try this,” mentioned Robert Full, certainly one of paper’s senior authors and a professor of integrative biology at UC Berkeley.

“Squirrels are nature’s finest athletes,” Full added. “The way in which that they’ll maneuver and escape is unbelievable. The thought is to attempt to outline the management methods that give the animals a variety of behavioral choices to carry out extraordinary feats and use that info to construct extra agile robots.”

Justin Yim, a former UC Berkeley graduate scholar and co-first writer of the paper, translated what Full and his biology college students found in squirrels to Salto, a one-legged robotic developed at UC Berkeley in 2016 that would already hop and parkour and stick a touchdown, however solely on flat floor. The problem was to stay the touchdown whereas hitting a selected level — a slender rod.

“If you consider attempting to leap to some extent — possibly you are doing one thing like enjoying hopscotch and also you need to land your toes in a sure spot — you need to stick that touchdown and never take a step,” defined Yim, now an assistant professor of mechanical science and engineering on the College of Illinois, Urbana Champaign (UIUC). “In case you really feel like you are going to fall over ahead, then you definitely would possibly pinwheel your arms, however you will additionally most likely get up straight with a purpose to maintain your self from falling over. If it feels such as you’re falling backward and also you may need to take a seat down since you’re not going to have the ability to fairly make it, you would possibly pinwheel your arms backward, however you are possible additionally to crouch down as you do that. That’s the similar conduct that we programmed into the robotic. If it is going to be swinging below, it ought to crouch. If it is going to swing over, it ought to lengthen out and stand tall.”

Utilizing these methods, Yim is embarking on a NASA-funded mission to design a small, one-legged robotic that would discover Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, the place the gravity is one-eightieth that of Earth, and a single hop may carry the robotic the size of a soccer discipline.

The brand new robotic design relies on a biomechanical evaluation of squirrel landings detailed in a paper accepted for publication within the Journal of Experimental Biology and posted on-line Feb. 27. Full is senior writer and former graduate scholar Sebastian Lee is first writer of that paper.

Mixing biology and robotics

Salto, quick for Saltatorial Agile Locomotion on Terrain Obstacles, originated a decade in the past within the lab of Ronald Fearing, now a Professor within the Graduate College in UC Berkeley’s Division of Electrical Engineering and Pc Sciences (EECS). A lot of its hopping, parkouring and touchdown skill is a results of a long-standing interdisciplinary collaboration between biology college students in Full’s Polypedal Lab and engineering college students in Fearing’s Biomimetic Millisystems Lab.

Throughout the 5 years Yim was a UC Berkeley graduate scholar — he received his Ph.D. in EECS in 2020, with Fearing as his adviser — he met with Full’s group each different week to study from their biology experiments. Yim was attempting to leverage Salto’s skill to land upright on a flat spot, even outside, to get it to hit a selected goal, like a department. Salto already had a motorized flywheel, or response wheel, to assist it steadiness, a lot the best way people wheel their arms to revive steadiness. However that wasn’t ample for it to stay a direct touchdown on a precarious perch. He determined to strive reversing the motors that launch Salto and use them to brake when touchdown.

Suspecting that squirrels did the identical with their legs when touchdown, the biology and robotics groups labored in parallel to substantiate this and present that it will assist Salto stick a touchdown. Full’s crew instrumented a department with sensors that measured the power perpendicular to the department when a squirrel landed and the torque or turning power with respect to the department that the squirrel utilized with its toes.

The analysis crew discovered, primarily based on high-speed video and sensor measurements, that when squirrels land after a heroic leap, they principally do a handstand on the department, directing the power of touchdown by means of their shoulder joint in order to emphasize the joint as little as potential. Utilizing pads on their toes, they then grasp the department and twist to beat no matter extra torque threatens to ship them over or below the department.

“Nearly the entire power — 86% of the kinetic power — was absorbed by the entrance legs,” he mentioned. “They’re actually doing entrance handstands onto the department, after which the remainder of it follows. Then their toes generate a pull-up torque, if they are going below; if they’re going to go excessive — they’re overshooting, probably — they generate a braking torque.”

Maybe extra essential to balancing, nonetheless, they discovered that squirrels additionally regulate the braking power utilized to the department when touchdown to compensate for over- or undershooting.

“If you are going to undershoot, what you are able to do is generate much less leg-breaking power; your leg will collapse some, after which your inertia goes to be much less, and that may swing you again as much as right,” Full mentioned. “Whereas if you’re overshooting, you need to do the alternative — you need to have your legs generate extra breaking power so that you’ve got a much bigger inertia and it slows you down to be able to have a balanced touchdown.”

Yim and UC Berkeley undergraduate Eric Wang redesigned Salto to include adjustable leg forces, supplementing the torque of the response wheel. With these modifications, Salto was in a position to bounce onto a department and steadiness a handful of occasions, even though it had no skill to grip with its toes, Yim mentioned.

“We determined to take essentially the most troublesome path and provides the robotic no skill to use any torque on the department with its toes. We particularly designed a passive gripper that even had very low friction to attenuate that torque,” Yim mentioned. “In future work, I believe it will be fascinating to discover different extra succesful grippers that would drastically increase the robotic’s skill to manage the torque it applies to the department and increase its skill to land. Perhaps not simply on branches, however on complicated flat floor, too.”

In parallel, Full is now investigating the significance of the torque utilized by the squirrel’s foot upon touchdown. Not like monkeys, squirrels would not have a usable thumb that enables a prehensile grasp, so they have to palm a department, he mentioned. However which may be a bonus.

“In case you’re a squirrel being chased by a predator, like a hawk or one other squirrel, you need to have a sufficiently steady grasp, the place you’ll be able to parkour off a department shortly, however not too agency a grasp,” he mentioned. “They do not have to fret about letting go, they simply bounce off.”

One-legged robots could sound impractical, given the potential for falling over when standing nonetheless. However Yim says that for leaping actually excessive, one leg is the best way to go.

“One leg is one of the best quantity for leaping; you’ll be able to put essentially the most energy into that one leg if you happen to do not distribute that energy amongst a number of completely different units. And the drawbacks you get from having just one leg reduce as you bounce greater,” Yim mentioned. “Once you bounce many, many occasions the peak of your legs, there’s just one gait, and that’s the gait wherein each leg touches the bottom on the similar time and each leg leaves the bottom at roughly the identical time. So at that time, having a number of legs is type of like having one leg. You would possibly as effectively simply use the one.”

Different co-authors of the Science Robotics paper are Fearing and former UC Berkeley undergraduate Eric Wang, now a graduate scholar at MIT, and former graduate scholar Nathaniel Hunt, now an affiliate professor on the College of Nebraska in Omaha. Co-authors of the J. Exp. Bio. paper are Wang, Hunt, Fearing, UC Berkeley Affiliate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Hannah Stuart and former UC Berkeley undergraduates Stanley Wang and Duyi Kuang. The analysis was funded by the U.S. Military Analysis Workplace (W911NF-18-1-0038, W911NF-1810327) and the Nationwide Institutes of Well being (P20GM109090).